Keywords:        Adiabatic formulation, discrete 
                  equations, initialization, computer
                  code, diagnostics, files and data,
                  post-processing.
 
 
                                 RESEARCH MANUAL 2
                                ECMWF FORECAST MODEL
                                  ADIABATIC PART
 
                             ECMWF Research Department
 
 
 1/85        Original Version
 1/88        2nd edition
 
 CONTENTS
        
                                    CHAPTER 1
                             Adiabatic Formulation
 

1.1      INTRODUCTION
 
1.2      THE CONTINUOUS EQUATIONS FOR A GENERAL
         PRESSURE-BASED VERTICAL COORDINATE

 
                                   CHAPTER 2
                            The Discrete Equations
 

2.1      HORIZONTAL DISCRETIZATION

    2.1.1  Spectral representation
    2.1.2  Spectral/grid-point transforms, and the
                 evaluation of spectral tendencies
 
2.2      VERTICAL DISCRETIZATION

    2.2.1  The hybrid vertical representation
    2.2.2  The vertical finite-difference scheme
 
2.3      TIME SCHEME
 
2.4      HORIZONTAL DIFFUSION

    2.4.1  Basic scheme
    2.4.2  Enhanced diffusion to enable use of longer timesteps 

 
                                   CHAPTER 3
                          Normal Mode Initialization

 
3.1      INTRODUCTION                                          
 
3.2      COMPUTATION OF THE NORAAL MODES                      
 
3.3      THE INITIALIZATION PROCESS                          

 
                                   CHAPTER 4
                          Computer Code Organization

 
4.1      OVERVIEW AND THE CONTROL ROUTINES 
 
4.2      TWO SCAN VERSION 
 
4.3      DYNAMICS ROUTINE 
 
4.4      INITIALIZATION  

 
                                   CHAPTER 5
                                   Diagnostics


5.1      GLOBAL STATISTICS                                           

    5.1.1  Dynamical statistics                                 
    5.1.2  Physical budgets                                    

5.2      RADIATION DIAGNOSTICS                                
 
5.3      GRID POINT DIAGNOSTICS                              

    5.3.1 Zonal mean diagnostics                            
    5.3.2 Mask diagnostics                                 
    5.3.3 Diagnostic routines                             

 
                                  CHAPTER 6
                              Data Organization

 
6.1      INTRODUCTION                                    

6.2      MODEL INPUT AND OUTPUT                                     

    6.2.1 Start data set                                          
    6.2.2 Control variable namelists                             
    6.2.3 Initial data files                                    
    6.2.4 Initialization files                                    
    6.2.5 Forecast work files                                    
    6.2.6 Scanning structure                                    
    6.2.7 History files                                        
 
6.3      FILE CONTENT                                         

    6.3.1 Data description records                           
    6.3.2 Data records                                      
 
6.4      MEMORY MANAGEMENT                                 

    6.4.1 General strategy                                        
    6.4.2 Method of use                                          
    6.4.3 Managed arrays                                        
    6.4.4 Input/output buffers                                 
    6.4.5 Unblocked input/output                              
    6.4.6 Special utility input/output routines              
    6.4.7 Work data sets on solid-state storage device      
    6.4.8 File attachments                                 
 

APPENDIX 1 The Unparametrized Equations

1.       INTRODUCTION                                     
 
2.       THE ADVECTIVE FORMS OF THE UNPARAMETRIZED EQUATIONS

   2.1   The material derivative                           
   2.2   The equation of state                            
   2.3   Mass conservation                               
   2.4   The velocity equations                         
   2.5   The thermodynamic equation                    

3.       THE FLUX FORMS OF THE EQUATIONS              

4.       THE INTRODUCTION OF DIFFUSIVE FLUXES        

5.       APPROXIMATIONS AND DEFINITIONS                               

6.       RETURN TO THE ADVECTIVE FORM                                

7.       THE MODEL EQUATIONS                                        

APPENDIX 2 Programming Conventions

1.       INTRODUCTION                                              

2.       PROGRAM STRUCTURE                                        

   2.1  Subtasks                                                
   2.2  Modularity                                             
   2.3  Utility routines                                      
   2.4  Memory management                                    
   2.5  Input/output                                        

3.       SOURCE CODE STRUCTURE                             

   3.1  General                                           
   3.2  Documentation comments                           
   3.3  Subroutine structure                            
   3.4  Common block structure                         
   3.5  Format statements                             
   3.6  Block structure                              
   3.7  Variable names                              
        3.7.1 Variable type                        
        3.7.2 Variable status                     

APPENDIX 3 Orography                             

APPENDIX 4 Data Descriptor Records              

APPENDIX 5 List of Fields, ALLOCS and UNLOCKS  

APPENDIX 6 Post-processing                    

1.       INTRODUCTION                                                 

2.       DERIVED FIELDS                                               

   2.1  Geopotential                                            
   2.2  Vertical velocity                                      
   2.3  Relative humidity                                     
   2.4  Mean sea-level pressure                              

3.       VERTICAL INTERPOLATION                             

   3.1  Tension spline interpolation                       
   3.2  Cubic spline interpolation                        
   3.3  Vertical coordinate system                       
   3.4  Extrapolation                                   
   3.5  Interpolation for 10m wind, 2m temperature and 
        2m dew point temperature

4.      HORIZONTAL INTERPOLATION                      

  4.1   Spectral coefficients of non-velocity fields 
  4.2   Spectral coefficients of velocity fields    
  4.3   Spectral truncation                        
  4.4   Inverse spectral transforms for non-velocity fields    
  4.5   Inverse spectral transforms for u and v               

5.      POST-PROCESSING ORGANIZATION                         

  5.1   Introduction                                        
        5.1.1 CYBER files                                  
        5.1.2 MARS files                                  

  5.2   CYBER files                                      
        5.2.1 File format for CYBER files               
        5.2.2 Data packing for CYBER files             
        5.2.3 Grid point CYBER file                   
        5.2.4 Spectral CYBER file                              
        5.2.5 Uninterpolated CYBER file                       
        5.2.6 Diagnostics CYBER file                         

  5.3   File format for MARS                                
        5.3.1 Basic fields                                 
        5.3.2 MARS model switch record                    
        5.3.3 Structure of MARS diagnostic file          

  5.4   Input and output files                          

  5.5   Namelists                                              
        5.5.1 Namelist POSTIN for CYBER                       
        5.5.2 Namelist POSTINM for MARS                      

  5.6   Post-processing field codes                         
        5.6.1 Post-processing CYBER codes                  
        5.6.2 Post-processing field codes for MARS        

  5.7   Code organization                                
        5.7.1 Start up                                  
        5.7.2 Spectral scan for non-multitasked version

  5.8   Spectral scan for multitasked version         

  5.9   Uninterpolated fields scan for CYBER and MARS
 
  5.10  Diagnostics scan                            
 
APPENDIX 7 References